Transhuman News Blog

I struggled with weight gain my whole life until I discovered some simple, slimmingly effective secrets to losing weight that didn’t mean turning my life upside down, or spending countless hours sweating on a treadmill.

I know this might be hard to believe, but losing weight can be easy, and quite painless as long as you’re not “dieting” yourself crazy. If you’re willing to apply a few simple weight-loss tricks, you could drop your first couple of pounds in just a few days!

Enter your name, and email address into the boxes on the right and I’ll share some little-known secrets that’ll have you shedding the pounds in no time – without changing what you eat. You’ll learn:

* The “No-Diet” secret that’ll have you dropping dress sizes fast, even if you eat chocolate, dine out often, or even go on vacation.
* What 1 thing you should be eating, and the surprising time you need to eat it in order to kick your metabolism into overdrive. (you can find it at any grocery store, and it’s under $2.00)
* How to avoid the 3 supposedly “Healthy” foods that are sabotaging your weight loss! (these even trip up most dietitians)
* Why adding 2 measly seconds to one critical activity can mean the difference between losing 3 pounds each week, or losing absolutely nothing.

If you’re finally ready to say good-bye to the baby weight forever, drop a few dress sizes, or get yourself back into your skinny jeans – you’re in the right place! You can do it, and it’ll be a lot easier than you think, even if you’ve always struggled in the past.

Just enter your name, and email address in the boxes to the right, and I’ll show you how to make some tiny changes, that will yield fast results – and Yes, that even includes my famous “20 Second” diet secret!

If you can set aside just 15 minutes a day, and follow simple step-by-step instructions, you have everything it takes to run your very own money making blog… even if you’ve never made a single cent online!

You just need to know a few tricks of the trade, and once you’ve got them, your can quickly create a profitable blog that a generates a steady, long-term income.

Enter your name, and email address into the boxes on the right and I’ll share some of my most profitable blogging secrets to get you started. You’ll learn:

* What “plug-ins” are, and what one plug-in your blog absolutely, positively must have if you tons want free traffic! (and get this, the plug-in is 100% free)
* How to “Multiply” the visitors to your blog, turning every 1 visitor into the money-making equivalent of 10, with no additional effort required.
* The secret “PowerBall” strategy that instantly turns your readers into short-term, traffic producing machines. (and your readers will love you for it)
* How to make sure your blog will pass the “Smell” test – If you mess this up, your blog is in serious trouble.
* The 2 websites that will let you have your very own blog up, and running, in under five minutes… (and both of them are free!)

Can you imagine earning hundreds, or even thousand of dollars in profit – all from just 15 minutes of work, a couple of days a week? There are hundreds of bloggers doing it right now, and you can be one of them! Just enter your name, and email address in the boxes to the right, and I’ll show you how you can get started for under $3.00 – even if you’re an awful writer.

Local business owners are desperate to get their businesses online, and are willing to pay big money to figure out what you already know about internet marketing – even if you’re an absolute newbie!

Enter your name, and email address to the right and I’ll share some simple, local marketing secrets to help you find your first high-paying clients very quickly. You’ll learn:

* The secret “List” where you can find more than 70,000 businesses who need your help marketing online. (and no, it’s NOT CraigsList)
* How to earn $50 or more “giving away” free websites that you can setup in 10 minutes or less, with just a few clicks of your mouse.
* The shockingly simple “Push Pin” strategy that can turn a single piece of paper, and a few clicks of your mouse into $100 or more over, and over, and over again …
* How to virtually guarantee your clients that you can get them a 1st page listing in Google – and it only takes 15 minutes! (you can do this for free, but your clients will pay you big time money to do it)

Local businesses are already used to spending thousands of dollars a month on marketing, and are desperate to get themselves online. Just enter your name, and email address in the boxes to the right, and I’ll show you how you can quickly, and easily cash in on what many are calling the new “Gold Rush” for under $3.00 – even if you’ve never done anything like this before!

Tens of thousands of people are earning money online, right now, and I’d like to show you how you can soon be one of them.

It doesn’t matter where you live, what level of education you have, and you don’t need any previous experience either. All you need to know are few special techniques, and once you know them, you could see your very first affiliate paycheck in under two weeks!

Enter your name, and email address into the boxes on the right and I’ll share some of my most profitable secrets to get you started. You’ll learn:

* How to get paid $1.00, $2.00, or even $3.00 and more for simply sending people to a website. (that’s right, you get paid, even if they never spend a cent!)
* How to turn a single visitor to your website into a completely automated, almost never-ending stream of cold, hard cash.
* Why being a horrible writer, and a technical dunce can actually be a good thing when it comes to making money online.
* How to tap into the inventories of 3 Multi-Billion dollar companies, letting them sell for you, ship for you, and handle all the customer service for you too – and then they send you a check for doing it!
* The 2 simple ways to have your very own money-making website up, and running, in under five minutes… (and it only takes 3 clicks of your mouse)

Can you imagine earning hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of dollars – all from the comfort of home? You can do it! Just enter your name, and email address in the boxes to the right, and I’ll show you how you can get started for under $3.00, in just a couple of hours a week.

CSIR UGC NET JUNE 2010 IMPORTANT DATES

Date of examination: 20.06.2010

Date of start of sale of application form through banks and on line submission:16.02.2010

Date of close of sale of application form through banks and online submission:17.03.2010

Important dates

Schedule for sale of information bulletin through bank

(i) Start of sale of information bulletin: 16.02.2010

(ii) Date of close of sale of information bulletin by post only:17.03.2010

(iii) Date of close of sale of Information bulletin by cash at all branches/stations:17.03.2010

Schedule for On-line application

Last date for receipt of (both kind) completed application forms : 23.03.2010

Last date for receipt of (both kind) completed application forms (from remote areas):30.03.2010

Last date for receipt of written request for change of examination centre only on merit basis:

Publication of list of candidates registered for test on CSIR, HRDG website:

Last date for entertainment of any representation about non-registration for this test:

Start of dispatch of admission certificate to eligible candidates: First week of June 2010

CSIR will hold the Joint CSIR-UGC Test 20th June, 2010 for determining the eligibility of the Indian national candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) NET and for determining eligibility for appointment of Lecturers (NET) in certain subject areas falling under the faculty of Science. The award of Junior Research Fellowship (NET) to the successful eligible candidates will depend on their finding admission/placement in a university/national laboratory/institution of higher learning and research, as applicable

A candidate may apply either for ‘JRF + Lectureship’ both or for ‘Lectureship (LS) only’ He/She may indicate his/her preference in the O.M.R. Application Form/Online Application, as the case may be. CSIR may consider candidates applying for ‘JRF + LS’ for ‘Lectureship only’ depending on number of fellowships available and performance in the test subject to the condition that they fulfill the laid down eligibility criterion. If a candidate is found to be over-age for JRF (NET) he/she will automatically be considered for Lectureship (NET) only.

Two separate merit lists, one comprising the candidates qualifying for the award of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF – NET) and the second of those candidates qualifying the Eligibility Test for Lectureship (NET), will be made on the basis of their performance in the above Test. Candidates qualifying for JRF (NET), will also be eligible for Lectureship (NET). The candidates qualifying for Lectureship will be eligible for recruitment as Lecturers as well as for JRF-ship in a Scheme/Project, if otherwise suitable as per the eligible criteria of that Scheme/Project. However, they will not be eligible for Regular JRF-NET Fellowship. They will be eligible to pursue Ph.D. programme with or without any fellowship other than JRF-NET. Candidates qualifying for the award of JRF (NET) will receive fellowship either from CSIR or UGC as per their assignment or from the Schemes with which they may find association. The candidates declared eligible for Junior Research Fellowship under UGC scheme will be governed by UGC rules/regulations in this regard.

The final result of this test may be declared sometime in the month of November/December 2010 and fellowship to successful candidates could be awarded from _______. The result of Paper-I of last December, 2009 NET held on 20.12.2009 has been declared and may be seen on CSIRr website

CSIR UGC NET 2010 June Notification Date

For complete information of this test, including subject of the test, eligibility criterion, exam centres, medium of exam, schedule and scheme of the test, syllabus, instruction for online application and list of designated bank branches etc, candidate may refer notification no 10-2(5)/2010(i)-E.U.-II to be published in employment news issue dated 13th-19th February, 2010 and the same may also be seen on above website

Subjects of the test

The test will be held in the subjects as given under

Chemical Science, Earth Atmospheric Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Physical Sciences

Education Qualification

M.Sc or equivalent degree under the subjects mentioned above, with minimum 55% marks for General and OBC candidates; 50% for SC/ST candidates, Physically and Visually Handicapped candidates and Ph.D. degree holders who had passed Master’s degree prior to 19th September 1991.

A candidate can also apply for the Test under RA (Result Awaited) category, if he/she is appearing or has appeared in his/her final year (III/IV Semester where Semester system is there) of M.Sc. or equivalent degree examination in subjects mentioned in above during the academic session 2009-2010. Such candidates will have to submit the attestation format (given at the reverse of the application form) duly certified by the Head of the Deptt./Institute over his/her signature and rubber stamp (with address and name) from where the candidate is appearing or has appeared in the final year M.SC or equivalent degree examination. However, such candidates shall be admitted to the Test provisionally. They shall only be considered eligible for JRF-(NET)/LS-(NET), if they are able to produce the proof of having passed the Master’s Degree examination in the relevant or related subject with the requisite percentage of marks and within the stipulated time frame.

Age limit and relaxation

For JRF (NET): Minimum 19 years and maximum 28 years as on 01.07.2009 (upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years as in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC, Physically handicapped/Visually handicapped and female applicants.

For LS (NET): Minimum 19 years as on 01.07.2010. No upper age limit.

Date and scheme of the CSIR UGC Test

The test will be held in two sessions on Sunday, the 20th June 2010. The scheme of Examination as under

Paper I, Marks – 200, Timings – 10.00 a.m.-12.30 p.m., Duration – 2-1/2 hrs

Paper II, Marks – 200, Timings – 2.00 p.m.-4.30 p.m., Duration – 2-1/2 hrs

Negative marking will be made for wrong answers in Paper I. Paper II will be evaluated only in case of those candidates who will be able to secure a minimum of such aggregate marks in Paper-I as may be fixed by the CSIR.

Candidates are required to appear in both the papers. A candidate who does not appear in Paper I will not be permitted to appear in Paper II. The questions in papers-I & II will appear both in Hindi and English.

Syllabus of the Test

Syllabus of Paper I (Section A), subject-wise syllabus of Paper I (Section B) and Paper II is given in the Information Bulletin for this test and may also be seen the CSIR website: www.csirhrdg.res.in

Examination centres

The test will be held at 25 centres spread all over India, as specified below: Bangalore, Bhavnagar, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cochin, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Nagpur, Pilani, Pune, Raipur, Roorkee, Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Udaipur and Varanasi.

A candidate may opt for any of the above centres. No request for change of centre would ordinarily be granted. However, a request in writing for change of centre may be entertained on merits, if received in this unit latest by _______

How to apply

Option I: Apply through ‘Information Bulletin’

By hand: Candidates applying for the test may obtain the Information bulletin and application forms (inclusive of fee payable) through the branches of the Bank notified below in para 5.4 (within the prescribed dates) by paying the following fee in cash

General category: Rs. 400/-

OBC: Rs. 200/-

SC/ST/Physically or visually handicapped: Rs. 100/-

By Post: The Information bulletin and application form may also be obtained through Value Payable Post (VPP) from the Indian Bank, 3/1, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008, by sending a crossed Demand Draft for Rs. 400/-. Rs. 200/- or Rs. 100/- (as the case may be) drawn in favour of ‘Indian Bank, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi’ payable at New Delhi. For this purpose, the candidate should send a request to the Bank with two self-addressed slips clearly mentioning the address at which he/she desires the Information Bulletin and application form to be sent by Value Payable Post (VPP). As above mentioned Bank will entertain the request for forms through post from Tuesday, the 25th August, 2009 to Wednesday, the 16th September 2009 only, hence, candidates are advised to send well in advance so as to reach their request within the above said period. The candidate should write his/her name, Date of Birth, address, date of Examination (20.12.2009) and subject code on the back of the Demand Draft so that it can be located easily, if it gets detached accidentally from the letter of request for supply of Information Bulletin. However, before attaching the draft with letter of request, the candidates should check that it bears the code number of the issuing bank and drawee bank and also amount and signatures of issuing authority.

Option II: Apply through online application

Interested and eligible candidates may apply for this test online through a link available at CSIR, HRDG website: www.csirhrdg.res.in. In order to apply Online the candidates are required to download Bank challan performa from the above website and then deposit the requisite examination fee in any of the Indian Bank branches through out the country. The examination fee for the online application is same as mentioned above. Candidates after successfully submitting application online are required to take print out of the application form, paste his/her recent black and white photograph, put his/her signature at the required space, attach requisite certificates an send along with CSIR marked copy of fee deposited bank challan in an envelop to Sr. Controller of Examinations, Human Resource Development Group, Examination Unit, CSIR complex, library avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 so as to reach on or before 29.09.2009 (06.10.2009 for remote areas). Online applications with out hard copy or bank challan receipt of incomplete in any respect will be summarily rejected. Before applying Online, candidates are advised to go through detailed notification available at CSIR, HRDG website.

Examination fee paid along with the Information bulletin or through bank challan for a particular examination will neither be adjusted for any subsequent examination nor refunded under any circumstances. Similarly, candidates should also check all the column of bank challan, online application, which are to be filled in properly to avoid cancellation of application. Please note that fee submitted any other mode like money order, demand draft, IPO etc. will be summarily rejected.

The last date for submission of application form: The application form (through bank or online), duly completed with requisite enclosures should be sent under certificate of posting (UPC) to the Sr. Controller of Examinations, examination unit, Human Resource Development Group, CSIR Complex, Opposite Institute of Hotel Management, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 so as to reach examination unit CSIR on or before 23.03.2010.

For candidates applying from Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim, Ladakh Division of J&K state, Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshdweep, the application form must reach the Controller of examination CSIR on or before 30.03.2010

The candidates are advised in their own interest to apply early enough to ensure timely receipt of their applications by the Examination unit on or before the closing date.

Application form received after closing date will be summarily rejected.

CSIR UGC NET December 2009 Exam

Important Dates

Date of Examination : 20.12.2009
Schedule for sale of Information Bulletin through Bank
Start of sale of Information Bulletin : 25.08.2009
Date of close of sale of Information Bulletin by post only : 16.09.2009
Date of close of sale of Information Bulletin by cash at all branches/ stations 23.09.2009
Schedule for On-Line Application
Start of On-Line Submission of Application Form and Fee deposit through Bank Challan 25.08.2009
Date of close of On-Line submission and deposit of fee (at All stations) 23.09.2009
Last date of receipt of completed application forms (including duly completed hard copy of on line application in the Examination Unit : 29.09.2009
Last date for receipt of (both kind of) Completed application forms (from remote areas) 06.10.2009
Last Date for receipt of written request for change of Examination Centre only on merit basis 20.10.2009
Publication of list of candidates registered for test on CSIR, HRDG website 20.11. 2009
Last date for entertainment of any representation about non-registration for this test 27.11.2009

Start of dispatch of Admission Certificate to eligible candidates
First week of Dec. 2009

SUBJECTS OF THE TEST

1. Chemical Sciences,
2. Earth Atmospheric Ocean and Planetary Sciences
3. Life Sciences
4. Mathematical Sciences
5. Physical Sciences

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

M.Sc. or Equivalent degree minimum 55% marks for General & OBC candidates; 50% for SC/ST candidates, Physically and Visually Handicapped candidates and Ph.D. degree holders who had passed Master’s degree prior to 19th September 1991.

AGE LIMIT& RELAXATION

For JRF (NET): Minimum 19 Years and maximum 28 years as on 01-07-2009 (upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years as in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC, Physically handicapped/Visually handicapped and
female applicants).

For LS (NET): Minimum 19 years, as on 01.07.2009. No upper age limit.

SCHEME OF THE TEST

Date -20/12/2009

Paper Marks Timings Duration
I 200 10.00AM-12.30PM 2-1/2 hrs
II 200 2.00PM-4.30PM 2-1/2 hrs

Negative marking will be made for wrong answers in Paper I. Paper II will be evaluated only in case of those candidates who will be able to secure a minimum of such aggregate marks in Paper- I as may be fixed by the CSIR.

Candidates are required to appear in both the papers. A candidate who does not appear in Paper I will not be permitted to appear in Paper II. The questions in papers-I & II will appear both in Hindi and English.

EXAMINATION CENTRES

Bangalore, Bhavnagar, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cochin, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Imphal, Jammu, Jamshedpur, Karaikudi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Nagpur, Pilani, Pune, Raipur Roorkee, Srinagar,Thiruvananthapuram, Udaipur and Varanasi.

SYLLABUS FOR LIFE SCIENCES PAPER I AND PAPER II

5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

A. Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development.

B. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination.

C. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans; eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development-larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination.

D. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum.

E. Programmed cell death, aging and senescence.

The Joint CSIR-UGC JRF/LS (NET) Examination shall comprise 2 papers:

PAPER I:

This paper shall be of 2 hours and 30 minutes duration and shall have a maximum of 200 marks.
Part ‘A’ of Paper I shall contain 40 General Science questions. These questions shall be common to all subject areas of NET Examination. A candidate shall be required to answer a maximum of 25 questions from Part ‘A’. In case, a candidate answers more than 25 questions, only the first 25 answered questions will be taken up for evaluation.

Part ‘B’ of Paper I shall have 100 questions. A candidate shall be required to answer a maximum of 75 questions. In case a candidate answers more than 75 questions, only the first 75 answered questions shall be evaluated.

All questions shall be of two marks each. There will be negative marking for wrong answers.

PAPER II:

This paper shall be of 2 hours and 30 minutes duration and shall have a maximum of 200 marks
This Paper shall consist of 39-45 short answer type questions requiring descriptive answers. To answer each question, a candidate will be provided one page each.

There shall be one compulsory question of twenty Marks. In addition to the compulsory question, the candidate is required to answer a maximum of 15 questions of twelve marks each .

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship

REVISED SYLLABUS

EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 2008 EXAMINATION

SYLLABUS FOR PAPER – I (PART A)

This part is common to all the candidates appearing for NET. There will be 40 objective type questions in Part ‘A’ of Paper I. Candidates are required to answer any 25 questions. In case a candidate answers more than 25 questions, only the first 25 answers will be evaluated.

All questions shall be of 2 marks each.

There will be negative marking for wrong answers.

TOPICS

1. General information on Science and its interface with society to test the candidate’s awareness of science, aptitude of scientific and quantitative reasoning. Questions would be so designed to judge the creativity, analytical ability and research aptitude of a candidate.

The questions would be setup in each of the subject areas of NET , viz., Chemical Sciences; Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean & Planetary Sciences; Life Sciences;

Mathematical Sciences and Physical Sciences.

2. COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE:

(Applicable to all candidates offering any subject area; A few questions dealing with basic computer awareness and uses.)

(i) PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONS

(ii) SIMPLE ALGORITHMS AND COMMPUTATIONAL METHODS

Human genetic engineering

Human genetic engineering is the genetic engineering of humans by modifying the genotype of the unborn individual to control what traits it will possess when born.^[1]

Healthy humans do not need gene therapy to survive, though it may prove helpful to treat certain diseases. Special gene modification research has been carried out on groups such as the ‘bubble children’ – those whose immune systems do not protect them from the bacteria and irritants all around them. The first clinical trial of human gene therapy began in 1990, but (as of 2006) is still experimental. Other forms of human genetic engineering are still theoretical, or restricted to fiction stories. Recombinant DNA research is usually performed to study gene expression and various human diseases. Some drastic demonstrations of gene modification have been made with mice and other animals, however; testing on humans is generally considered off-limits. In some instances changes are usually brought about by removing genetic material from one organism and transferring them into another species.

There are two main types of genetic engineering. Somatic modifications involve adding genes to cells other than egg or sperm cells. For example, if a person had a disease caused by a defective gene, a healthy gene could be added to the affected cells to treat the disorder. The distinguishing characteristic of somatic engineering is that it is non-inheritable, e.g. the new gene would not be passed to the recipient’s offspring.

Germline engineering would change genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos. This type of engineering is inheritable, meaning that the modified genes would appear not only in any children that resulted from the procedure, but in all succeeding generations. This application is by far the more consequential as it could open the door to the perpetual and irreversible alteration of the human species.

There are two techniques researchers are currently experimenting with:

• Viruses are good at injecting their DNA payload into human cells and reproducing it. By adding the desired DNA to the DNA of non-pathogenic virus, a small amount of virus will reproduce the desired DNA and spread it all over the body.
• Manufacture large quantities of DNA, and somehow package it to induce the target cells to accept it, either as an addition to one of the original 23 chromosomes, or as an independent 24th human artificial chromosome.

Human genetic engineering means that some part of the genes or DNA of a person are changed. It is possible that through engineering, people could be given more arms, bigger brains or other structural alterations if desired. A more common type of change would be finding the genes of extraordinary people, such as those for intelligence, stamina, longevity, and incorporating those in embryos. Human genetic engineering holds the promise of being able to cure diseases and increasing the immunity of people to viruses. An example of such a disease is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that affects lungs and other organs.

Researchers are currently trying to map out and assign genes to different body functions or disease. When the genes or DNA sequence responsible for a disease is found, theoretically gene therapy should be able to fix the disease and eliminate it permanently. However, with the complexity of interaction between genes and gene triggers, gene research is currently in its infancy. Computer modeling and expression technology could be used in the future to create people from scratch. This would work by taking existing DNA knowledge and inserting DNA of “superior” body expressions from people, such as a bigger heart, stronger muscles, etc and implanting this within an egg to be inserted into a female womb. The visual modeling of this process may be very much like the videogame Spore, where people are able to manipulate the physical attributes of creatures and then “release them” in the digital world.

The possibilities of physical changes are endless. Strength, speed, endurance and so on can be enhanced. The baby can be made taller, more beautiful, the changes possible are really up to the imagination, and the ability of the techniques employed by future gene manipulators. Certain people have been identified with extraordinary physical abilities, (such as athletes, geniuses, physical and mental event record holders) and their genes could be identified and replaced into the target embryo. There is also the possibility that science will advance so much that people will create genes not identified in nature or people and implant those in the human body.

Corresponding gene function to intelligence or mental aptitude in various fields is much harder because while researchers are finding out which sections of the brain light up when used through MRI imaging, corresponding genes to manipulate and/or expand intelligence are harder to map. The brain seems to be the last great medical mystery because unlike a muscle, it transfers information and handles complex processes like a computer, but without any logical process discernible to researchers. However, in certain individuals that have a higher aptitude at certain tasks, the history of their family having done the same work seems to show that either through practice, teaching, or gene expressions these individuals find tasks such as composing music or mathematics much easier than the average member of the population.

Souce : wikipedia

CSIR Chemical / Physical / Geo / Mathematical / Life Sciences

Syllabus for CSIR papaers

1. Life Science

2. Chemical Sceince

3. Physical Science

4. Mathematical Science

5. Earth Atmospheric Ocean and Planetary Science

Study Materials

CSIR LIfe Science Study Materials are avilable
visit http://www.csirstudymaterials.blogspot.com/

CSIR Chemical Science Study Materials are avilable
visit http://www.want2learn.com/csir-chemical-sciences

Introduction to CSIR

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) conducts a national-level joint CSIR-UGC Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and for the eligibility of Lectureship in Science subjects.

This test is generally held twice in a year (June and December).

State Level Eligibility Tests (SLET) are also conducted by the respective states as accredited by the UGC with almost the same syllabus.

• Eligibility Criteria
• Examination Pattern
• Examination Centres
• Application Procedure
• Selection Procedure

For Paper I and Paper II

UNIT – 2

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

A. Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.

B. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.

C. Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.

D. Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and control of cell cycle.

E. Microbial Physiology: Growth, yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response.

SYLLABUS FOR LIFE SCIENCES PAPER I AND PAPER II

Unit – 1 MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY

SYLLABUS FOR LIFE SCIENCES PAPER I AND PAPER II

Unit 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES

A. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
B. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport.
C. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, post- translational modification of proteins.
D. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing.

SYLLABUS FOR LIFE SCIENCES PAPER I AND PAPER II

Unit 4. CELL COMMUNICATION AND CELL SIGNALING

A. Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.

B. Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.

C. Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation.

D. Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

E. Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules, generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.

Human genetic engineering

Human genetic engineering is the genetic engineering of humans by modifying the genotype of the unborn individual to control what traits it will possess when born.^[1]

Healthy humans do not need gene therapy to survive, though it may prove helpful to treat certain diseases. Special gene modification research has been carried out on groups such as the ‘bubble children’ – those whose immune systems do not protect them from the bacteria and irritants all around them. The first clinical trial of human gene therapy began in 1990, but (as of 2006) is still experimental. Other forms of human genetic engineering are still theoretical, or restricted to fiction stories. Recombinant DNA research is usually performed to study gene expression and various human diseases. Some drastic demonstrations of gene modification have been made with mice and other animals, however; testing on humans is generally considered off-limits. In some instances changes are usually brought about by removing genetic material from one organism and transferring them into another species.

There are two main types of genetic engineering. Somatic modifications involve adding genes to cells other than egg or sperm cells. For example, if a person had a disease caused by a defective gene, a healthy gene could be added to the affected cells to treat the disorder. The distinguishing characteristic of somatic engineering is that it is non-inheritable, e.g. the new gene would not be passed to the recipient’s offspring.

Germline engineering would change genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos. This type of engineering is inheritable, meaning that the modified genes would appear not only in any children that resulted from the procedure, but in all succeeding generations. This application is by far the more consequential as it could open the door to the perpetual and irreversible alteration of the human species.

There are two techniques researchers are currently experimenting with:

• Viruses are good at injecting their DNA payload into human cells and reproducing it. By adding the desired DNA to the DNA of non-pathogenic virus, a small amount of virus will reproduce the desired DNA and spread it all over the body.
• Manufacture large quantities of DNA, and somehow package it to induce the target cells to accept it, either as an addition to one of the original 23 chromosomes, or as an independent 24th human artificial chromosome.

Human genetic engineering means that some part of the genes or DNA of a person are changed. It is possible that through engineering, people could be given more arms, bigger brains or other structural alterations if desired. A more common type of change would be finding the genes of extraordinary people, such as those for intelligence, stamina, longevity, and incorporating those in embryos. Human genetic engineering holds the promise of being able to cure diseases and increasing the immunity of people to viruses. An example of such a disease is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that affects lungs and other organs.

Researchers are currently trying to map out and assign genes to different body functions or disease. When the genes or DNA sequence responsible for a disease is found, theoretically gene therapy should be able to fix the disease and eliminate it permanently. However, with the complexity of interaction between genes and gene triggers, gene research is currently in its infancy. Computer modeling and expression technology could be used in the future to create people from scratch. This would work by taking existing DNA knowledge and inserting DNA of “superior” body expressions from people, such as a bigger heart, stronger muscles, etc and implanting this within an egg to be inserted into a female womb. The visual modeling of this process may be very much like the videogame Spore, where people are able to manipulate the physical attributes of creatures and then “release them” in the digital world.

The possibilities of physical changes are endless. Strength, speed, endurance and so on can be enhanced. The baby can be made taller, more beautiful, the changes possible are really up to the imagination, and the ability of the techniques employed by future gene manipulators. Certain people have been identified with extraordinary physical abilities, (such as athletes, geniuses, physical and mental event record holders) and their genes could be identified and replaced into the target embryo. There is also the possibility that science will advance so much that people will create genes not identified in nature or people and implant those in the human body.

Corresponding gene function to intelligence or mental aptitude in various fields is much harder because while researchers are finding out which sections of the brain light up when used through MRI imaging, corresponding genes to manipulate and/or expand intelligence are harder to map. The brain seems to be the last great medical mystery because unlike a muscle, it transfers information and handles complex processes like a computer, but without any logical process discernible to researchers. However, in certain individuals that have a higher aptitude at certain tasks, the history of their family having done the same work seems to show that either through practice, teaching, or gene expressions these individuals find tasks such as composing music or mathematics much easier than the average member of the population.

Souce : wikipedia

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription.

Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes (bacteria and archae) it is found in the cell’s cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.

Human genome

The human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. Twenty-two of these are autosomal chromosome pairs, while the remaining pair is sex-determining. The haploid human genome occupies a total of just over 3 billion DNA base pairs and has a data size of approximately 750 Megabytes,which is slightly larger than the capacity of a standard Compact Disc. The Human Genome Project produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences.

Chromosomes

There are 24 distinct human chromosomes: 22 autosomal chromosomes, plus the sex-determining X and Y chromosomes. Chromosomes 1–22 are numbered roughly in order of decreasing size. Somatic cells usually have 23 chromosome pairs: one copy of chromosomes 1–22 from each parent, plus an X chromosome from the mother, and either an X or Y chromosome from the father, for a total of 46.

Genes

There are estimated 20,000–25,000 human protein-coding genes.. The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved, and could continue to drop further.^[4]

Surprisingly, the number of human genes seems to be less than a factor of two greater than that of many much simpler organisms, such as the roundworm and the fruit fly. However, human cells make extensive use of alternative splicing to produce several different proteins from a single gene, and the human proteome is thought to be much larger than those of the aforementioned organisms. Besides, most human genes have multiple exons, and human introns are frequently much longer than the flanking exons.

Human genes are distributed unevenly across the chromosomes. Each chromosome contains various gene-rich and gene-poor regions, which seem to be correlated with chromosome bands and GC-content. The significance of these nonrandom patterns of gene density is not well understood. In addition to protein coding genes, the human genome contains thousands of RNA genes, including tRNA, ribosomal RNA, microRNA, and other non-coding RNA genes.

source : wikipedia

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Cancer

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display the traits of uncontrolled growth (growth and division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not.

Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007. Cancers can affect other animals besides humans, and plants, too.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.

Source: wikipedia